Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally free essay sample

Deinstitutionalization refers to releasing a mentally or physically handicapped person from an institution whose main purpose was to provide treatment into a community with the intent of providing services through the community under the supervision of health-care professionals. There have been many positive outcomes from deinstitutionalization for both the patients and society but there have also been many drawbacks of deinstitutionalization. Deinstitutionalization is a process which affects the community as a whole and there are many procedures that must be followed in order to see this process follow through successfully (Watnik, 2001). The deinstitutionalization process began in the late 1950’s, early 1960’s. Facilities were financially liable for patients while they were committed, but were able to modify the burden to the federal government by discharging them. A lot of our society believes that the deinstitutionalization process was simply created because of the facilities’ inadequacy of treatment to their patients. Motivated by a concern for the civil rights of patients, deinstitutionalization focused on more rigorous standards for civil commitment and created practical safeguard processes, such as the right to treatment in the least preventive atmosphere (Watnik, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New York dealt with deinstitutionalization in the wrong ways from the beginning. For instance, New York was the only state prior to 1994 that had limitations specifically prohibiting outpatient commitment. In 1994, the legislation passed the Bellevue Pilot Program which was established to helping the deinstitutionalization process. In 1999, New York Governor George Pataki, created Kendra’s Law which was a law that was influenced by the increase rise of mentally unstable individuals hurting and killing other people randomly. Kendra’s Law allows particular individuals (such as family members) to petition the court to obtain an order for a mentally ill person to receive outpatient treatment if that person meets detailed and definite criteria (Watnik, 2001). Kendras Law helps keep track of mentally ill people when they are discharged from any mental or correction facility so that these individuals can better be assisted in locating an outpatient program that suits their needs. In order for New York to combat the ongoing social issues such as homelessness, crime and the spread of communicable diseases, the state has established disbursement prospectuses that include programs and activities provided in community settings. Some of these programs include mental health centers, outpatient clinics, partial care organizations, self-assured community treatment and support programs, consumer-run programs and services provided by state hospitals off hospital grounds. Total community expenses and accomplishments are evaluated by observing residential and nonresidential services. Kendra’s law in addition to the community programs, also helps reach out to the mentally ill community by giving them ongoing support and assistance to helping control their illnesses and keep out of trouble (Watnik, 2001). After reading this article, I found that New York is missing a lot of key point in establishing a deinstitutionalization process. For starters, I believe that there should be stricter laws and regulations directed to mentally unstable individuals that are aimed at encouraging them to remain in outpatient treatment, even if they believe they do not need it. I also think that our society needs to establish more programs aimed at helping these individuals get on their feet financially, emotionally, and physically. Too many people think that they are â€Å"cured† and wind up hurting or killing innocent by passers and this would just be a safe precaution to helping keep our communities safe.

State and Local Government

New Media portrays African Americans in positive light more than Old Media Essays

New Media portrays African Americans in positive light more than Old Media Essays New Media portrays African Americans in positive light more than Old Media Essay New Media portrays African Americans in positive light more than Old Media Essay Essay Topic: Light in August 5.5 Conclusion The study yields five holistic findings that inform the accomplishment of the objectives of the study. First, that New Media portrays African Americans in positive light more than Old Media. However, both New and Old Media record more instances of positive reporting on African American males. Nonetheless, Old Media has a higher tendency of reporting negatively about African American men. Secondly, the implications of the negative portrayals of African Americans by the media has had the effect of increasing police brutality and use of force against African American male suspects of crime. The far reaching implications of negative perceptions of African Americans has been that increased patrols by law enforcement in predominantly African American neighbourhoods has led to high incarceration rates in such neighbourhoods. Hence, with record high number of males with criminal records, African American men are locked out of various legitimate opportunities of etching a decent living. Conse quently, young men of Black American descent largely fall back to crime as their only means for survival. The composition of Traditional Media ownership and management is predominantly composed of White Americans who set the agenda on news reporting. The result has been that lack of African American people in leadership positions of such Media houses has led to gross misrepresentation of African American interests and by extension, the misrepresentation of African American men at large. On the other hand, the lack of censorship and editing in many New Media platforms has allowed for free expression of opinion and ideology which accounts for much of the positive representation of African American men in New Media platforms. Ultimately, changing the perception of the American public as regards to the negative stereotypes about African American men must be an all-inclusive approach that brings together media stakeholders and African Americans dedicated to reform. Changing negative perc eptions must take the form of positive portrayal of African Americans coupled by efforts to eradicate crime rates in African American neighbourhoods by African American men abandoning crime for legitimate means of etching a living. 5.6 Recommendations First, addressing police brutality goes beyond the issues of racial discrimination. Hence, police brutality is an issue that the law enforcement in the United States should make a complete overhaul in regards to training of officers on matters of handling suspects. As such, addressing the challenge that is police brutality will require drastic measures such as enforcing into law the requirement that police officers should have to wear body cams. In the wake of revelations presented in the form of cases of police brutality that were covered in this research report, witness video recordings of the unfolding events played a crucial role in revealing misconduct in the police services. In that respect, it is the recommendation of this report, that police body cams be introduced as part of legislation that governs the conduct of police officers while executing their mandate. Based on the revelations, police officers have the tendency of treating suspects with dignity when cameras are rolli ng. Hence, the use of body cams will have the implication of reducing the trend of police brutality in the United States. Secondly, the research findings also reveal that as much as police brutality against African Americans has taken a racist agenda, the rates of crime among African American populations exceed the rates of crimes say in Caucasian neighbourhoods. Hence, the mind-set of the public and especially African Americans should be moved from dependence on illegal means of survival to ensure that the people have alternative means of earning a living. Moreover, changing perceptions of African Americans as pertains to negative portrayals will also require that civil rights groups, government, legislature, and interested parties including the media work with communities where crime rates are high to assist people in shunning a life of crime and adopt positive transformation. 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Retrieved 8 9, 2016, from Pew Research Center: journalism.org/2010/05/23/new-media-old-media/ Quah, N., Davis, L. E. (2015, May 1).Heres A Timeline of Unarmed Black People Killed by Police Over Past Year. Retrieved 8 10, 2016, from Buzz Feed: https://www.buzzfeed.com/nicholasquah/heres-a-timeline-of-unarmed-black-men-killed-by-police-over?utm_term=.vsq9oYbpD#.nyKXybjYo Quigley, B. (2011, May 25). Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System.;Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 8, 2016, from huffingtonpost.com/bill-quigley/fourteen-examples-of-raci_b_658947.html Ralph, N., Birks, M., ; Chapman, Y. (2015). The methodological dynamism of grounded theory.;International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(4), 1-6. doi:10.1177/1609406915611576. Rector, K. (2015, April 25). The 45-minute mystery of Freddie Grays death.The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 8 13, 2016, from baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-gray-ticker-20150425-story.html#page=1 Reublican Hopes Shattered; He Will Be Professor Harrison. Congressman Goodnight Very Sick. Louisianas Jim Crow Law Valid. Mr. Pickerings Condition Improved. (1982, December 21).;The New York Times. Retrieved 8 10, 2016, from http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E05EEDB1F31E033A25752C2A9649D94639ED7CF Robb, S. (2016, 7 18). Black police officeers praised for protecting #White Lives Matter protest.;Metro. Retrieved 8 1, 2016, from http://metro.co.uk/2016/07/18/black-police-officers-praised-for-protecting-white-lives-matter-protest-6013573/ Robles, F. (2012, March 31). What is known, what isnt about Trayvon Martins death.;Miami Herald. Retrieved 8 14, 2016, from https://web.archive.org/web/20130927021942/miamiherald.com/2012/03/31/2725442/what-is-known-what-isnt-about.html Robles, F., ; Blinder, A. (2015, April 11). astor Denounces Racism at Walter Scotts Funeral One Week After Police Shooting.The New York Times. Retrieved 8 11, 2016, from nytimes.com/2015/04/12/us/walter-scott-funeral-police-shooting.html?smid=pl-share_r=0 Rooney, K. (2016, July 9). Dallas sniper suspect dead, likely acted alone, officials say; Five officers killed.CNBC. Retrieved 8 1, 2016, from cnbc.com/2016/07/07/two-police-officers-shot-at-dallas-protest-rally-nbc-5-reports-amid-outrage-over-alton-sterling-philandro-castile-shootings.html Rssel, J. (2013). Conflict Theory.Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199756384-0035 Salman, A., Ibrahim, F., Abdullah, M. Y., Mustaffa, N., Mahbob, M. H. (2011). The Impact of New Media on Traditional Mainstream Mass Media.The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 16(3), 1-11. Retrieved 8 9, 2016, from innovation.cc/scholarly-style/ali_samman_new+media_impac116v3i7a.pdf Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framins as a Theory of Media Effects.Journal of Communication, 49(4), 103-22. Shapiro, R. Y., Jacobs, L. R. (2011).The American Handbook of Public Opinion and the Media.Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shoichet, C. E., Berlinger, J. (2016, July 7). Alton Sterling Shooting: Second Video of deadly encounter emerges.CNN. Retrieved 8 14, 2016, from http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/06/us/baton-rouge-shooting-alton-sterling/ Siddiqui, S. (2016, August 9).A Brief History of Racism in the United States. Retrieved 8 9, 2016, from Sound Vision: soundvision.com/article/a-brief-history-of-racism-in-the-united-states Silverstein, J. (2016, July 6). Who was Alton Sterling? What we know so far about the man killed by Baton Rogue police.New York Daily News. Retrieved 8 14, 2016, from nydailynews.com/news/national/alton-sterling-article-1.2700893 Sitkoff, H. (2008).The Struggle for Black Equality.New York : McMillan . Smith, M., Capecchi, C., Furber, M. (2016, July 8). Peaceful Protests Follow Minnesota Governors Call for Calm.;The New York Times. Retrieved 8 1, 2016, from nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/philando-castile-jeronimo-yanez.html SocialCapital. (2011, January 26).;Twitter, Facebook, and YouTubes Role in Arab Spring (Middle East Uprisings). Retrieved 8 9, 2016, from socialcapital.wordpress.com: https://socialcapital.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/twitter-facebook-and-youtubes-role-in-tunisia-uprising/ Stansberry, K. (2012).One-step, two-step, or multi-step flow: the role of influenceers in information processing and dissermination in online, interest-based publics.Eugene Oregon: University of Oregon. StarTribune. (2016, July 7). What we know about Philando Castile.StarTribune. Retrieved 8 14, 2016, from startribune.com/what-we-know-about-philando-castile/385853331/ Stephen, B. (2015, November 10). How Balck Lives Matter Uses Social Media to Fight Power.Wired. 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Gender Norms during Colonial Period in North America Essay

Gender Norms during Colonial Period in North America - Essay Example However, with the introduction of industrialism and larger cities by the end of eighteenth century, there had been greater changes in the gender norms, especially with regards to labor forces. When more men worked at industries and firms, the women were left home as their work was deemed unnecessary. The social values of the time also contributed to the thought that women were not necessarily in need of work. Such a situation, as devaluating women’s labor prompted them to search new understanding of themselves. In 1629, there was much controversies over the gender identity of servant Thomas Hall, a resident of the area they called â€Å"James Cittie† (Brown, 1995). All started when the recent migrant, Hall became the subject matter of gossips about his sexual identity and behavior. Hall’s case gave a break through to compare popular concepts of sexual difference and changes in gender norms throughout the years. Many had argued that medico-scientific theories of g ender differences did not include any anatomical incommensurability. Scholars before the nineteenth century came up with some Galenic framework that gave importance to parallelism and the potential mutability of the gender. The consequential absence of coherent biological foundation for sex contributed to the innate volatility of perceptions of sexual difference. ... Several years of warfare with the local Indians finally could do something on the Indian attack upon the English population. The attack discolored the early image of colony as an ecstasy for settlers. Issues like rampant disease, maltreated servants, and hard labor disheartened the female migrants, which in turn exacerbated the skewed sex ratio and lawlessness. The absence of dedicated ministers and supporting churches across the region added to the colony’s reputation as godlessness and wickedness. By 1629, there had been common practice of cultivating tobacco across the colonial economy. It was fashionable in the royal and upper-class circles of societies throughout Europe and during the period, the English women and the African laborers were also commonly found hoeing rows of tobacco. Therefore, as Brown points out, the task of characterizing the gender difference was set on the shoulders of local traditions, religious and legal institutions, as the scientific discourses co ncentrated on anatomical parallels. Taking substantially from the religious and medical texts that maintained a perspective of women’s inferiority, legal bodies preserved a gender distinction in matters of legal procedures related to marriages, property, and liability for crime. Furthermore, as Ulrich points out, the stricter the rules of evidence, there was not likely any chances of juries taking the word of a woman against the word of a man into consideration, unless he is from an already stigmatized community; the assumptions were that women were silly creatures, were easily vulnerable to the rivalries of men around them, and given to spite (121). However, a similar reaffirmation of gender

Information Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Information Law - Essay Example It has been implemented in most part of the world and most of the states are becoming more and more transparent to the people. Globalization has ensured that ideas, goods, information, capital and people are moving across the nations. Local concepts and ideas are quickly made global in this era of globalization. This law is the result of socio-economic and technological forces that has made the government to be more responsive. This has been created and supported because of the ongoing export and import of knowledge across the countries. Shared assumptions and beliefs help in solving the problem at hand. While all these are the reasons for bringing in the Access to information law in many of the countries across the world, it is good to analyze the reasons behind forming this law and whether the law has achieved what it set out to do. The major objective of this exercise was to make the government more trustable (Heald & Hood 2006). This report presents the analysis and the outcome of this analysis towards this target by the government. One of the major reasons for the introduction of FOI by most of the countries is to bring in transparency in governance. Most of the governments are able to get away with moderate or low performance levels because they are not being transparent. When the government becomes transparent in its work, people of the country will be able to ensure that the government works efficiently. This would also ensure service delivery of appropriate standards. There will also be a greater understanding of the governmental decisions and the reasons behind specific actions. On many occasions such decisions and the reasons behind such decisions are largely hidden. This would bring about a condition of superiority or alienation of the public resulting in large scale discontent with the government over a period of time (Colin Bennett Aug 2001). On the contrary, with the increase in transparency levels of the operation of the government, people get to know the reasons behind their actions. This results i n better understanding and appreciation. This would ensure that the government decision making is open for comments and public evaluation. Therefore, the executives of the government would tend to make reasonably accurate decisions which would also ensure that the government operates efficiently catering to the needs of the people more closely. This in turn, would build confidence in the government and public trust. In a broader sense, the government becomes more accountable. All this is made possible by the transparency of governance brought about by this law. Therefore, this forms the major purpose of the act. The transparency in administration and governance is a natural progression in the civil rights over the centuries (Leone & Anrig 2003). With the improvement in the technological frontier and the extent of improvement in the communication has resulted in an increased reason to go for large scale transparency in governance. The impact of information and communication technology in the way information is shared has been profound. This has led to more ways by which people are able to access information. The number of sources has drastically increased. The interactions between people have also grossly increased. It has become cheaper to interact than what it was earlier. An NGO is able

The Invisible Hand Theory Essay Example for Free

The Invisible Hand Theory Essay â€Å"The Enquiry to the Nature and Cause of wealth and Nation† by Adam Smith is one of the well-known influenced books in the economy. As express on the title of the book, it shows Adam great interest on wealth condition of a nation. He doesn’t locate the wealth on natural resources and climates but in division of labor and the â€Å"Invisible Hand† within competition of free-market. In Vietnam, healthcare, education and retirement services are opaque and inefficiency due to State monopolization. So by applying the â€Å"Invisible Hand† theory to Vietnamese market, it would be a shift of local economy. The theory â€Å"Invisible Hand† In the book â€Å"The Enquiry to the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nation† by Adam Smith, he expresses three arguments: the Economizer Argument, the Local Knowledge Argument and the Invisible Hand Argument. (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:99) [1] â€Å"Invisible Hand† is the term which is rarely mentioned in Adam’s work but has great influence in modern economy. In details, he wrote: â€Å"†¦Every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Smith, 1950: 9) [2], that simply means the entrepreneur is motivated by self-interest to satisfy their need but unintentionally by doing so, at the end it not only benefits himself but also to other people. People act unintentionally with local purpose in mind but it does not only to them. In contrast, Smith believes that it also includes concern about family and friends as well. Smith describe people as economizers and who want to save their time and energy while try to get enormous return of investment (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:99). People use energy more efficiently benefits not only themselves but others. Since people are allowed to focus on narrow range of activities, it creates surplus in goods which they can sell or trade on the market. Furthermore, other locals may interest and imitate that so it saves time and energy for them as well. Another point is that when division of labor is accepted and people allow specializing or concentrating on their task, it will unleash hidden human ingenuity as mentioned on Prof. James Otteson’s interview Adam Smith: The Invisible Hand, 2011 [3]. For instance, entrepreneurs will figure out better ways to do things to satisfy their interest. In order to create opportunity for specialization, free up of market is essential. The competition between buyers and seller is motivated by profit for individuals, as the result both sides have to improve their products and reduce selling prices. This process of attracting customers is leading by the â€Å"Invisible Hand†. Generally, external forces such as Government interventionism is unnecessary because economy can be sustain under guidance of â€Å"Invisible Hand†. Overall, Smith saws creation of the free market as resources of higher standard of livings. (Morgan, 2010:23)[4] To sum up, the â€Å"Invisible Hand† shows that innovation and free market can generate specialization and productivity therefore improves living standards. Positive negative attributes One benefit of the Invisible hand is that it can guide free market through competition for scarce resources therefore benefits everyone since not only it makes the firms produce more quality resources but also enhances variety of products in the market with cheaper prices. (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:89). As this process is repeated in other industry, people will enjoy buying as well as increase their living standards. Even though it is possible that the Invisible Hand can improve living standards but Adam Smith’s ideas only suitable for capitalism for free-market period. Later, when the economic crisis happens, people need visible hand of government intervention to balance the economy. Another disadvantage shows in total free market dominant the market by State-owned enterprises. Petrol in Vietnam for instance, Petrolimex holds nearly half of the market shares and it betrays the principle of free market. Lastly, division in people values will be deeper. (Vietnamnews, 2013)[5] Summary newspaper article Title: Public expects better quality service The author suggests that Government should â€Å"play as regulatory and supervisory role† in management of healthcare, education and retirement. In Vietnam, Government is still a major public service provider so that service users have very few options to choose. In addition, according to a survey made by Central Institute for Economic and Management, public services are facing low efficiency in allocating the funds as well as little engagement with non-State sector. As the result, quality provided remains low. In order to solve the problem, Nhung, a supervisor from Institution, suggests that â€Å"public sector should only do what private sector is unable to do† which also means open up the market for private sector to provide public service. Relevance Opaque, corruption and inefficiency Low efficient services provided by the public sectors is the fact that local people facing every day. Not only healthcare, education and retirement are State monopolized but also petrol market such as Petrolimex. Since the mid 1980s reform period, Vietnam has change from planned economy to a Socialist-oriented market economy but state sector still accounts about 70 percent of total economic activities in Vietnam. Moreover, the sector hasn’t been seen in good health in recent years. For instance, economic scandal, giant Vinashin which announced $4. 4 billion losses which is the biggest lost to the national budget (France24, 2013) [7]. Return to the healthcare system, most Vietnamese have to pay health services out of their own pocket even though it’s public service. There is another fact that patients have to bribe the doctors or they will put him in waiting list for treatment. Opaque, corruption and inefficiency exist in public sector due to lack of competition in the market. â€Å"Public sector should only do what private sector can’t do† Private healthcare or private operators may be more innovative in telemedicine which is use telecommunications to provide patients with clinical healthcare at a distance. Due to profit motive, they can be very productive while public sector meets limitation in funds so leads to low quality services and number of researches. In that case, instead of monopolizing the market, public sector should play as supervisory role as Ms Nhung said (Vietnamnews, 2013). But there is negative affect if market is open for private sector; quality of services in Vietnam highly depends on remuneration for doctors and staffs. Consequently rich people will get better services than others and that creates division in people values. Recommendations If free market is apply, private healthcare has to be more carefully regulated to ensure that it achieves national standards as well as safety, value, and efficiency. Similarity, State should have taxes, standards and a legal system to encourage the free market to operate quickly. New technology can be used in administration of hospitals. Conclusion  Even though Vietnam did change to Socialist-oriented market economy which is partly open-market, the public sector still suffers from â€Å"long illness†. It let a web of state own firms control the economic and stubbornly resistance to change. Note that free market mention by Adam Smith is base of capitalism so it can create also a political issue when trying fully applying it to Vietnam despite the fact that competition does enhance quality of services. On the whole, I would call Vietnamese market is a partly free-market since it encourages private sector in some industry but monopolizes in a few like petrol or electricity.

Horror of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est Essay examples -- Dulce

Horror of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est We have all heard war stories that seemed exciting and adventurous. Some stories are of men who gladly laid down their lives in the glory of battle and would do so again if given the chance. These stories tickle our sentiment and ease the pain of real war, but they do little to help us understand war's brutality. In his poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," Wilfred Owen does not attempt to pull the blood stained wool over our eyes. Instead of a novel quip, Owen gives us a look into the real horror of war. Using images of pain and sorrow, Owen gives us a taste of the front line that crushes any romantic ideas about war. Most of us envision soldiers marching into battle as upright, steady young men proudly bearing their ruck sacks and singing as they march. Owen paints us a picture of a different hue. Owen describes the men as, "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks." We see figures that are contrary to our preconceived notions ( 1). Owen's men of war are tired from the stress of battle and the weight of the inevitable doom that lies ahe...