The Invisible Hand Theory Essay Example for Free

The Invisible Hand Theory Essay â€Å"The Enquiry to the Nature and Cause of wealth and Nation† by Adam Smith is one of the well-known influenced books in the economy. As express on the title of the book, it shows Adam great interest on wealth condition of a nation. He doesn’t locate the wealth on natural resources and climates but in division of labor and the â€Å"Invisible Hand† within competition of free-market. In Vietnam, healthcare, education and retirement services are opaque and inefficiency due to State monopolization. So by applying the â€Å"Invisible Hand† theory to Vietnamese market, it would be a shift of local economy. The theory â€Å"Invisible Hand† In the book â€Å"The Enquiry to the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nation† by Adam Smith, he expresses three arguments: the Economizer Argument, the Local Knowledge Argument and the Invisible Hand Argument. (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:99) [1] â€Å"Invisible Hand† is the term which is rarely mentioned in Adam’s work but has great influence in modern economy. In details, he wrote: â€Å"†¦Every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Smith, 1950: 9) [2], that simply means the entrepreneur is motivated by self-interest to satisfy their need but unintentionally by doing so, at the end it not only benefits himself but also to other people. People act unintentionally with local purpose in mind but it does not only to them. In contrast, Smith believes that it also includes concern about family and friends as well. Smith describe people as economizers and who want to save their time and energy while try to get enormous return of investment (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:99). People use energy more efficiently benefits not only themselves but others. Since people are allowed to focus on narrow range of activities, it creates surplus in goods which they can sell or trade on the market. Furthermore, other locals may interest and imitate that so it saves time and energy for them as well. Another point is that when division of labor is accepted and people allow specializing or concentrating on their task, it will unleash hidden human ingenuity as mentioned on Prof. James Otteson’s interview Adam Smith: The Invisible Hand, 2011 [3]. For instance, entrepreneurs will figure out better ways to do things to satisfy their interest. In order to create opportunity for specialization, free up of market is essential. The competition between buyers and seller is motivated by profit for individuals, as the result both sides have to improve their products and reduce selling prices. This process of attracting customers is leading by the â€Å"Invisible Hand†. Generally, external forces such as Government interventionism is unnecessary because economy can be sustain under guidance of â€Å"Invisible Hand†. Overall, Smith saws creation of the free market as resources of higher standard of livings. (Morgan, 2010:23)[4] To sum up, the â€Å"Invisible Hand† shows that innovation and free market can generate specialization and productivity therefore improves living standards. Positive negative attributes One benefit of the Invisible hand is that it can guide free market through competition for scarce resources therefore benefits everyone since not only it makes the firms produce more quality resources but also enhances variety of products in the market with cheaper prices. (Otteson and Meadowcroft, 2011:89). As this process is repeated in other industry, people will enjoy buying as well as increase their living standards. Even though it is possible that the Invisible Hand can improve living standards but Adam Smith’s ideas only suitable for capitalism for free-market period. Later, when the economic crisis happens, people need visible hand of government intervention to balance the economy. Another disadvantage shows in total free market dominant the market by State-owned enterprises. Petrol in Vietnam for instance, Petrolimex holds nearly half of the market shares and it betrays the principle of free market. Lastly, division in people values will be deeper. (Vietnamnews, 2013)[5] Summary newspaper article Title: Public expects better quality service The author suggests that Government should â€Å"play as regulatory and supervisory role† in management of healthcare, education and retirement. In Vietnam, Government is still a major public service provider so that service users have very few options to choose. In addition, according to a survey made by Central Institute for Economic and Management, public services are facing low efficiency in allocating the funds as well as little engagement with non-State sector. As the result, quality provided remains low. In order to solve the problem, Nhung, a supervisor from Institution, suggests that â€Å"public sector should only do what private sector is unable to do† which also means open up the market for private sector to provide public service. Relevance Opaque, corruption and inefficiency Low efficient services provided by the public sectors is the fact that local people facing every day. Not only healthcare, education and retirement are State monopolized but also petrol market such as Petrolimex. Since the mid 1980s reform period, Vietnam has change from planned economy to a Socialist-oriented market economy but state sector still accounts about 70 percent of total economic activities in Vietnam. Moreover, the sector hasn’t been seen in good health in recent years. For instance, economic scandal, giant Vinashin which announced $4. 4 billion losses which is the biggest lost to the national budget (France24, 2013) [7]. Return to the healthcare system, most Vietnamese have to pay health services out of their own pocket even though it’s public service. There is another fact that patients have to bribe the doctors or they will put him in waiting list for treatment. Opaque, corruption and inefficiency exist in public sector due to lack of competition in the market. â€Å"Public sector should only do what private sector can’t do† Private healthcare or private operators may be more innovative in telemedicine which is use telecommunications to provide patients with clinical healthcare at a distance. Due to profit motive, they can be very productive while public sector meets limitation in funds so leads to low quality services and number of researches. In that case, instead of monopolizing the market, public sector should play as supervisory role as Ms Nhung said (Vietnamnews, 2013). But there is negative affect if market is open for private sector; quality of services in Vietnam highly depends on remuneration for doctors and staffs. Consequently rich people will get better services than others and that creates division in people values. Recommendations If free market is apply, private healthcare has to be more carefully regulated to ensure that it achieves national standards as well as safety, value, and efficiency. Similarity, State should have taxes, standards and a legal system to encourage the free market to operate quickly. New technology can be used in administration of hospitals. Conclusion  Even though Vietnam did change to Socialist-oriented market economy which is partly open-market, the public sector still suffers from â€Å"long illness†. It let a web of state own firms control the economic and stubbornly resistance to change. Note that free market mention by Adam Smith is base of capitalism so it can create also a political issue when trying fully applying it to Vietnam despite the fact that competition does enhance quality of services. On the whole, I would call Vietnamese market is a partly free-market since it encourages private sector in some industry but monopolizes in a few like petrol or electricity.

Horror of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est Essay examples -- Dulce

Horror of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum Est We have all heard war stories that seemed exciting and adventurous. Some stories are of men who gladly laid down their lives in the glory of battle and would do so again if given the chance. These stories tickle our sentiment and ease the pain of real war, but they do little to help us understand war's brutality. In his poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," Wilfred Owen does not attempt to pull the blood stained wool over our eyes. Instead of a novel quip, Owen gives us a look into the real horror of war. Using images of pain and sorrow, Owen gives us a taste of the front line that crushes any romantic ideas about war. Most of us envision soldiers marching into battle as upright, steady young men proudly bearing their ruck sacks and singing as they march. Owen paints us a picture of a different hue. Owen describes the men as, "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks." We see figures that are contrary to our preconceived notions ( 1). Owen's men of war are tired from the stress of battle and the weight of the inevitable doom that lies ahe...

Monitoring clinical research

Monitoring clinical research has been recommended by several organizations that funds clinical research to the Research Ethics Committee. Through monitoring clinical research the Research Ethics Board is able to ensure that approved standard in theory are applied. It has been suggested that reviews should be done on a yearly regular basis. Reviews should require series of research aspects like consent process, adherence to approved protocols, and data integrity. The sole purpose of monitoring is to educate research staff, quality assurance, and to avoid research misconduct.   The government of Canada is one of the pioneers of this monitoring program. In response to the issues mentioned above, the government research funding bodies issued the Tri Council Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans in 1998. The policy suggests that annual status reports must be submitted to the Board. Also, the review of research projects exceeding the threshold of minimal risk should include: formal review of the informed consent process, establishment of a committee to monitor safety, periodic review of a third party of the documents generated by the study, review of reports of adverse events, review of patients’ charts, and a random audit of the informed consent process. In this study St. Mary’s Hospital Centre was subjected to monitoring. Review of research activity in the hospital is coordinated by the Research Review Office in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies. The research framework or policies of McGill University in 1994 was the basis for creating hospital research policies. The monitoring policies and activities in the year 1997 are described in this study. Before a new research protocol is approved, investigators are required to describe the characteristics of patients who would be qualified for the protocol. An informal check is also done to determine overlap with patient populations of protocols under way. The Research Ethics Committee specifies the duration of approval which is usually 1 year after the initial approval. The committee will also set other conditions and decides the most suitable type of monitoring by taking into account such factors like the type of protocol and the experience of investigator. By investigator we mean the staff member of St. Mary’s Hospital Centre who is designated by the Research Ethics Committee to be the primary contact person responsible for the protocol. This investigator may be the principal investigator, co-investigator, or local collaborator. Decisions are communicated with the investigator by the monitoring assistant to explain the details of the procedure. Consent form audits are asked routinely for protocols involving written consent. Any consent form must be filed in the patient’s medical record with a brief summary of research interventions and outline of any potential risk including the name and phone number of one investigator. To ensure that documentations are being filed as required, the medical charts of the sample are checked periodically. For research protocols that do not require hospital patients, but for which the Research Ethics Committee has undertaken responsibility, consent forms are reviewed in the investigator’s office. The monitoring assistant validates that the consent form is approved by the Research Ethics Committee and that the signatures and dates for every form is completed and consistent. Then the monitor assistant informs both the committee and the investigators about the results. Interviews with research subject may be asked for protocols with minimal risk. The protocol is reviewed to determine an appropriate time to contact the subjects and the type of question to be asked. A meeting is arranged with the investigator to organize a method of contacting the subject. Subjects that are eligible are selected sequentially from the subject log provided by the investigator. The monitoring assistant contacts the subject and request verbal consent to conduct the interview. The Research Ethics Committee requests from each investigator an appropriate plan to assure and evaluate the quality of protocol data over the duration of data collection. In a survey to evaluate monitoring, an anonymous evaluation was sent to 34 investigators in February 2000. A Likert-type response scale was given which includes 6 statement and comments on aspect of hospital monitoring. From this survey results show that there were several instances in the monitoring of recruitment log in which the same individual have participated in more than one protocols. However the Research Ethics Committee concluded that this did not pose an undue burden on the patient or the caregiver. It was also revealed that the Research Ethics Committee help to negotiate an agreement with the investigators to achieve their enrollment targets, while preventing the same patients for being approached for more than one protocol. This is with respect to the situation here two protocols were approved for two protocols. Results from the consent forms audit reveal that required forms were missing or incomplete for a substantial proportion of 123 hospital charts. A discrepancy between the age and age criteria of the protocol has been found out also to be legitimate due to a change in protocol approved by the funding organization. In this case the investigator did not coordinate this to the Research Ethics Committee. Overall Assessment In this study the subjects such as the hospital patients, the investigators are said to be the independent variable for the results obtained from the protocols would be based on the perceptions given by the hospital patients, and the investigators. The dependent variable would be the problems with regard to clinical monitoring. Factors that were considered to be answered by the hospital patients are said to be the dependent variable. As an assessment statistical parameters for this study were not defined. Sampling of the study is said to be done sequentially and it was based on the recruitment log of the investigator. Interviews of subjects were also done. This method tends to open its doors for the investigator to manipulate his or her data. Moreover the study did not define how many samples should be taken and it did not consider the eligibility of its samples. The stud did not give a clear idea of what kind of protocols were given to the subjects and what are those factors to consider in evaluating monitoring. The problem that this study tries to address in not even clearly defined.   However this paper were able to present the anomalies that happen among the subjects and the investigators during data gathering. Works Cited McCusker, J., Kruszewki, Z., Lacey, B., Schiff B. â€Å"Monitoring Clinical Research: Report of One’s Hospital Experience.† Canadian Medical Association Journal: (1 May 2001). Vol.164 n. 9 pag. 1321.

Personality Profile And Pearson Assessment Results Essay

â€Å"Personality is the sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others† (Robbins Judge 2009). We are all born with different personalities that are unique. The qualities that make up one’s personality are specific to their life’s purpose. It is our job as humans to identify how to best use our personalities for the greater good and make a difference. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, my personality was determined to be ENFP. As an ENFP, I thrive when I am around people and making a difference in their lives. In this paper, I will discuss how my personality profile and Pearson Assessment results real to one another and how they play major roles. Specifically discussing my values and motivations it the work place, how I work with others, and life in organizations. Everything we do is for the greater food for our purpose in life. In the final section of this paper, I describe how God has helped realize and me shape my weaknesses into strengths and keep my strengths at bay in key moments. Prentice Hall Self-Assessment Online Library Due to the nature of my job I need to be cerebral with how I present myself and talk with colleagues and superiors. I have never given must thought as to how one’s personality can affect others either negatively or positively. Self-reflection allows us to analyze our current selves and improve for the better. For this assignment, I have been tasked with taking a series of assessments, gathering information andShow MoreRelatedThe Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III Test1341 Words   |  6 Pageshave selected the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III test. The Millon Clinical Multiaxical Inventory (3rded: MCMI-III) is a widely used psychological assessment of clinical and personality disorders (Grove, W. M., 2009). This test, now on its 3rd edition, has embodied several innovative ideas in personality and psychopathology assessment (Grove, 2003). Moving in-between the 3rd and 4th editions was a once in a lifetime opportunity and amazing learning experience. Through anal ysis of the MCMI-IIIRead MoreMillon Clinical Inventory Assessment890 Words   |  4 Pages Pearson Assessments first published the Millon Clinical Inventory Assessment (MACI) in 1993. The major author of this publication is Theodore Millon, PhD, DSc, who obtained his PhD from the University of Connecticut in 1954 (Millon). The MACI is a self-reporting, 160 item inventory, which assesses personality styles, significant problems or concerns, and clinical symptoms in adolescents (Millon). 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The test is designed to provide a triangulated view of a child’s behavioral, emotional functioning, adaptive and maladaptive skills by using a cross informant strategy (BASC-2 BESC; Reynolds Read MoreThe Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IIi1875 Words   |  8 Pagesthe assessment along with the MCMI and the MCMI-II editions were developed by Theodore Millon, his daughter C. Millon and colleagues R. Davis and S. Grossman. However, the first edition (the MCMI) was developed in the late 1970s as it used the criteria on different disorders from the Diagnosti c and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). Since then, two other editions have been published by NCS Pearson Inc., one in 1987 which used the DSM-R, and the current edition of the assessment, the

project success success factor and success criteria Essay

AN ESSAY ON PROJECT SUCCESS DEFINED BY SUCCESS FACTORS AND SUCCESS CRITERIA by M. Shaw Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm Winston Churchill INTRODUCTION 1. Since the 1960s there have been an increasing number of Project Management scholars that have expressed concerns regarding the ways to manage the success or failure of a project. Crawford (2000) theorised that there are two major avenues of thought in this area being: how success is judged and the factors that contribute to the success. These two avenues were later crowned ‘success factors’ and ‘success criteria’ respectively of which both will be discussed in depth during this essay to provide an insight for†¦show more content†¦Table 1: The Square Root (Atkinson, 1999) Figure 2: The Square Root (Atkinson, 1999) 5. The Information System. Whilst Atkinson (1999) doesn’t detail the information system success criteria other than what is described in the table it is reasonable to suggest he was concerned with the ‘ilities’ of the project. Essentially Atkinson was considering the maintenance of the project to ensure that it was not only resourced but also governed that the information would support its continued success. 4 6. Organisational Benefits. Success of a project must not only be considered from an individual perspective, rather it must look at how it will also benefit the organisation. Table 1 presents these areas however there are two areas that must be considered individually, namely efficiency and effectiveness. Success of a project is not necessarily guaranteed due to efficiency, reducing the amount of workload due to shortening of processing won’t necessarily help without the consideration of effectiveness. 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In spite of this the distinction between the project and project management is less than precise. This paper aims to identify the overlap between the definition of the project and project management and to discuss how the confusion between the two may affect their relationship. It identifies the differentRead MoreOrganizational Design Is A Formal Guided Process For Integrating People, Information, And Technology796 Words   |  4 Pagesof looking into technology options, Success factors was purchased by SAP in 2011. In efforts to maintain a consistent message Allstate entered into an agreement to use Success factors and SAP to provide the technology needed to perform day-to-day functions in Human Resources. Allstate began to implement the use of Succesfactors to conduct employee performance review s. Success factors provided the user with easier of sharing data between SAP and Success factors. This relationship seemed ideal considering

News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay - 1649 Words

The attack that occurred on September 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other people throughout the world. Most people can recall exactly where they were and whom they were with when they first heard about the airplanes crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to light the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not safe from acts of terrorism. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on national and international news outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. The events that occurred on this day changed the way†¦show more content†¦The viewers saw the pictures on the screen at the same time as the anchors did (Morgensen 38).† Garry Tuchman a National Correspondent from CNN states, â€Å" The most important thing is to be accurate†¦be hones t and explain that there’s a lot of commotion and chaos. And while you’re staying clam, explain we’re trying to gather the information the best we can. We are going to give it to you as it comes but if we’re not sure about it, we’ll make it clear to you (Morgensen 38).† Newscasts from NBC, Sky, and BBC World reported the news almost identical and in a way that informed viewers that they too were unsure of the motive if any behind the plane crashes into the twin towers. It was clearly stated by both domestic and foreign news stations that many detail were unclear and they would be made available as they came in. It was not only a story that affected Americans but also people throughout the World. For the first time since Pearl Harbor Americans were being attacked on their own soil. Due to the surprise and scale of the attacks of 9/11 it focused the worlds’ attention to New York City because it showed if this could happen to the mightie st country in the world it could happen to any other nation. It is important to note the way in which the news was broadcasted. A new name would become embedded into the minds of Americans, Osama Bin Laden along with his terror network known as Al Qaeda. As the media in the United States began to find a motivation behind the attacksShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The United States Security1644 Words   |  7 PagesToni Ann Grasso Professor Sperrazza Sociology 101 Sociology Research Paper November 25, 2014 Security Post September 11, 2001 Post September 11th 2001 people ages 40-60 lost all trust within America. Faith in humanity was lost and now we need faith more then ever, we have lost what we call our security blanket. Every time we open a newspaper or watch the news after a long day of work we have the temptation to despair, filling ourselves with fear more and more each day. Everyone in our eyes is theRead MoreRelationship Between The American And Western Media And Their Audiences971 Words   |  4 PagesDoes the mass media affect people’s ideologies and value, do people tend to be deceived themselves by media and become prisoners in the cave. Is it still possible for people to mediate the effects of the media? On September 11th, 2001, when the World Trade Centre in New York was allegedly attacked by hijackers of Al-Qaeda terrorists, the relationship between the United States of America and the rest of the world changed. This essay focuses on the relationship between the American and Western mediaRead Mor eThe Bombing Of The United States1463 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 11th, 2001, the United States of America was attacked on its soil when alleged Al-Qaeda members hijacked four passenger planes, Boeing 757s. Two planes flew into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York, one plane flew into the Pentagon, and the remaining plane was possibly targeting the White House or the Capitol but was unsuccessful. People all over America felt an utter shock and disbelief after this tragic event as people demanded answers. After the terroristRead MoreTerrorist Attacks On The United States1453 Words   |  6 Pages September 11th, 2001, alleged Al-Qaeda members attacked the United States of America with four passenger planes, Boeing 757s. Two planes flew into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York, one plane flew into the Pentagon, and the remaining plane was possibly targeting the White House but was unsuccessful. People all over America felt an utter shock and disbelief after this tragic event as people demanded answers. After the terrorist attacks, a portion of AmericansRead MoreThe War On Terrorism And Terrorism1614 Words   |  7 PagesIts more than 15 years yet America is not, nor is the world the same as prior to September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Suspicions and distrust of â€Å"other†, fear of the unknown, and unease about the role and status of the United States of America permeates the air. Islamophobic attacks increase by 1,700% in 2001. Prior to 9/11, the FBI recorded just 28 hate crimes against Muslims. The following year it increased to 481. For visible Muslims, the threat of violence and abuse is even higher (especiallyRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s President Of Texas1685 Words   |  7 PagesBorn in July 6, 1946, George W. Bush, America’s 43rd president, served in the White House office from 2001 to 2009. Before coming into the White House, he was the oldest son of former 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who was also a two-term Republican governor of the state of Texas. George W. Bush was a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Business majoring in business administration. George W. Bush worked in the Texas oil industry and he was also an owner of the Texas Rangers baseballRead MoreEssay on Media Coverage2618 Words   |  11 PagesMedia Coverage Before modern mass media was at hand, giant news events could not be made known to the public until long after they occurred. The media has always made disasters and wars the large news stories. These have always been the prime news events for the last few decades. 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This is done so that they may provoke some kind of political and/or social change. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001, there has been a lot of controversy on why terrorist attacks are so frequent in the United States. By doing some research I have found that there are several possible answers to this question. This paper will explore the possibilities andRead MoreDelta Airline Case1312 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Case In the case study changing Dynamics of the U.S. Airline industry were discuss and dealt with. Between 2001 and 2005, Delta Airlines, the third largest U.S. Airline, lost $10 billion. Delta wanted to increase its liquidity so they decided to sell its subsidiary Atlantic Southeast Airlines to Sky West Airline for $425 million in August 2005. Analysts believed that Delta was on the merge of bankruptcy. The Civil Aeronautics Board 9cab) imposed major restriction on marketing entry and

Nursing Midwifery And Babies Pregnancies †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Nursing Midwifery And Babies Pregnancies? Answer: Introducaton: Karen has Gravida 2 and Para 1. Gravida 2 means that she had 2 pregnancies regardless of whether they were interrupted or relented to a live birth, Para one means she has ever had one pregnancy which reached viability i.e. above 20 weeks gestation. Prenatal glucose tolerance tests helps to diagnose gestational diabetes in order to provide early treatment and prenatal care of gestational diabetic mothers (Sosa, Kennell, Klaus, Robertson Urrutia, 2008). This is done to ensure normal baby and good maternal health after the pregnancy. Normal rages are 7.8mmol/l or less but not excess after drinking the glucose solution. Glucose test after fasting should be 5.3mmol/l one hour after taking sugar solution less than 10.0mmol/l ,2 hours after glucose solution less than 8.6mmol/l and 3hours after glucose solution less than 7.8mmol/l. Fundal height during pregnancy is used to measure the size of the uterus. This is done to be able to asses fetal growth sand and development during pregnancy (Barclay et al., 2009). This measurement should correspond to gestational age in weeks between 16 and 36 weeks for a vertex fetus. Fundal height is also used in determining descend of the fetus especially from 36 weeks. Spontaneous labour is the labour that begins and progresses without pharmacological, mechanical or operative interventions, leading to delivery of a normal baby without complications to the mother. The first stage of labour is usually the longest (Salariya, 2010). It could even last for more than 20 hours. to some women who are prim gravida but short hours to some women, cervix starts to soften and open up or dilate with regular rhythmic contractions, preparing to push the baby via the birth canal Accounting. The meconium stained liqar can lead to infant respiratory distress and syndrome (Renfrew et al., 2014). This is a respiratory distress which occurs within 4 hours of birth. It becomes worse in 48 to 72 hours. If not fat, it resolves within 72hours. Meconium stained liqar also leads to persistence pulmonary hypertension of the new born. This occurs where the fetal circulation resists, with blood being shunted away from the lungs through the foramen ovale and the patent ductus arteriosus. Meconium stained liqar also leads to chronic lung disease. This is as a result of intense pulmonary intervention. These infants with meconium aspiration have a slightly increased incidence of infection in the first year of life. This is because lungs are still in recovery. Shoulder dystocia is a case of obstructed labour which occurs after delivery of the head. the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass below, hence requiring significant manipulation to pass (McCormick, 2014). The pubis symphysis, diagnosed when shoulders delays to deliver after the fetal head is delivered, is grouped in obstetric emergency case and death of the fetus can occur if not delivered and compresses on umbilical cord. Apgar score is a standardized way of evaluation, assessing and recording the condition of a new born baby. It is done within one to five minutes after birth. Apgar score is done by a multiple of doctors or midwife. The vital signs assessed includes; skin colour which should be pink or according to the tribe. If the colour is blue the baby scores zero. If the skin is pink and extremities are blue, the baby scores one. Pulse / heartbeat is evaluated using a stethoscope. if there is no heart pulse or heartbeat, the baby scores are zero. If the heart rate is less than a hundred beats per minute the baby score one (Salariya et al., 2011). If heart rate is greater than a hundred, the baby scores two. If there is grimacing the score is one, and if there is grimacing and cough, sneeze or vigorous cry, the score is two for reflex irritability. Activity or muscle tone activity are loose and flappy, the baby scores zero. If there is muscle tone the score is one. If there is active motion the infant scores two. Respiratory effort. If the baby is not breathing he or she scores zero. Respiratory rate slow or irregular the baby scores one (Leahy?Warren et al., 2012). If he or she cries well, the score is two. Classification according to total scores, if Apgar is between 7-10, the baby is said to be normal. If Apgar is 4-6, the baby is moderate asphyxia and Apgar 0-3 is severe asphyxia and it requires resuscitation. Antenatal care aims at monitoring the health of both mother and baby (Leahy Warren, 2010). This is achieved through monitoring blood glucose level, which is done by advising the mother to test through fasting, premeal, post meal and also bedtime levels of glucose. This is done daily during pregnancy in order to develop a baseline on how to control the sugars. If the mother is on multiple daily injection regimen to test the glucose level through developing targets for self-monitoring. This also helps in taking risks of hypoglycemia. Antenatal care is also achieved through monitoring HbA1c which is hemoglobin A1c (Kirkham, 2010). it is used to test the amount of glucose in blood over a period of one month to pregnant mothers. It determines the level of risk of the pregnancy. It is mostly considered during second and third trimester of pregnancy. prevents insulin treatment risks to hypoglycemia by using short acting analogous, which have advantage over soluble human insulin. Mothers are also advised to keep fast acting form of glucose like juices. They are also taught on signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia for early interventions. Antenatal care also involves monitoring of well-being of the fetus before 38 weeks. It is also done especially when there is risk of fetal growth restrictions. Postnatal care included blood glucose level control, medicines and breastfeeding. insulin should be reduced immediately after birth and monitor glucose levels accurately to adjust the dose. The mother should be informed that she is at a risk of hypoglycemia (McInnes Chambers, 2008). The should therefore take meals or snacks with every breastfeeding. She is also advised to discontinue blood glucose lowering therapy after birth. Mothers should also avoid any medicine for treatment of diabetes complications which were discontinued for safety reasons in the preconception period. Giving psychological care concerning diabetes, which may resolve after delivery. Some medications should also be stopped immediately after birth. Mother is also informed that she is at risk of developing gestational diabetes with other pregnancies. References Barclay, L., Everitt, L., Rogan, F., Schmied, V., Wyllie, A. (2009). Becoming a motheran analysis of women's experience of early motherhood.Journal of advanced nursing,25(4), 719-728. Kirkham, M. (Ed.). (2010).The midwife-mother relationship. Palgrave management. Leahy Warren, P. (2010). First?time mothers: Social support and confidence in infant care.Journal of advanced nursing,50(5), 479-488. Leahy?Warren, P., McCarthy, G., Corcoran, P. (2012). First?time mothers: social support, maternal parental self?efficacy and postnatal depression.Journal of clinical nursing,21(3?4), 388-397. McInnes, R. J., Chambers, J. A. (2008). Supporting breastfeeding mothers: qualitative synthesis.Journal of advanced nursing,62(4), 407-427. Renfrew, M. J., McFadden, A., Bastos, M. H., Campbell, J., Channon, A. A., Cheung, N. F., ... McCormick, F. (2014). Midwifery and quality care: findings from a new evidence-informed framework for maternal and newborn care.The Lancet,384(9948), 1129-1145. Salariya, E. M., Easton, P. M., Cater, J. I. (2011). Duration of breast-feeding after early initiation and frequent feeding.The Lancet,312(8100), 1141-1143. Sosa, R., Kennell, J., Klaus, M., Robertson, S., Urrutia, J. (2008). The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor, and mother-infant interaction.New England Journal of Medicine,303(11), 597-600.